Function and its Parameters

The sample program is:
When a function is called, some housekeeping is normally done which appears as the function’s prologue in the assembly code (this would not be true if the function is declared with the attribute ”naked”).

The procedure is:
1. The current value of r4 (used as frame pointer in MSP430 family) is pushed
    into the stack. The stack pointer (r1) automatically gets decremented by 2.
2. r1 gets decremented again by an offset, thus allocating a stack frame. The
    offset by which r1 gets decremented depends on the number of local variables
    in the called function.
    Here, r1 gets decremented by 4, since there are two local variables for fun(), a
    and b.
3. The current value of the stack pointer r1 is copied into r4 (the register r4 thus
    indicates the frame pointer for the currently executing function).
    All further manipulations of the local variables will be with reference to the
    frame pointer r4.
4. After the body of the called function is executed, the same offset as above is
    added back to the stack pointer r1, thus deallocating the stack frame.
5. The current value of r1 is popped into r4, thus retrieving the previous stack
    frame. The stack pointer r1 gets auto-incremented by 2.


The assembler directives __FrameSize and __FrameOffset gives the size and offset of the frame allocated for the function fun().

Pointers

The sample program is:

On generating the corresponding assembly code:

The code can be traced as follows:
1. The number 10 is stored in the memory address which is at  an offset of 2 bytes
    from the location pointed to by the frame pointer r4.
2. The memory address of 10, i.e. the value of (r4 + 2), is stored in the memory
    location pointed to by r4.
3. The data in the location pointed to by the register r4 is safely interpreted as
    another memory address, and the number 20 is stored in this particular address.

And you thought “pointers” were magic !!!

Variables

The most simple case would be:

But on still expecting the prologue and epilogue:

The number 100 is stored in a memory location addressed with reference to the frame pointer r4.
The variable i is local to the function main() so no extra work.

Static Variables

The demonstration will be like:

Wondering how the assembly code would look like:

The static integer 200 is stored in a similar way as above, but to a different address. Also this address (label i.1194) is located in the .data section, instead of the usual .text section.

All global and static variables (which have their lifetime as long as the whole program), are stored in the .data section.

Pointers to Functions

Considering the sample code:

A simple pointer to a function accepting void and returning void is created. It is assigned the memory address of the function fun(). Then this pointer to a function f is called.

Awaiting the assembly code: